Breaking the Rules

Every company has a set of rules and they should not be broken at any time, but flouting the rules to complete a customers request is not at all wrong, as it is nothing but good customer service, sensing the urgency of the request. Nancy was also rewarded on this basis only; because she took the matter into her hands, and did what she thought was right by reciprocating to the customers request even though she knew that she was breaking the rules. The only thing on her mind was that she wanted to solve the customer’s problem and didn’t want to lose a valuable customer.Her only thought was to provide good customer service to the customer who was in such urgency. The most important thought on her mind was that she should solve the customer’s problem at any cost, and she had to decide how to react, and the decision Nancy took was totally justified, even if she was breaking the rules. Her decision solved the customer’s problem, and he was able to get the spare part he needed on time. Nancy had other options also, she could have told the customer that no distributor was available at that time, and that she could not help the customer.She also could have told the customer that rules did not permit her to send the required spare part directly to a customer. She could also simply ignore the call, as if it had not come at all and got back to her work. Nancy knew that good customer service is always important for a customer to keep coming back to the same company, and Nancy who is a loyal employee of the company, did exactly what she thought was right and got rewarded for what she did. Breaking the RulesNancy was obviously a very good and loyal employee of the company that she was working for, because she did not think of the outcome of breaking the rules, but her most important thought was to provide prompt and good customer service. The manner in which she dealt with the situation is proof enough to judge her behaviour. She didn’t even think twice before writing a personal check for $ 150 to compensate the loss of the same amount to the company, as the distributor refused to pay the dealer, because he was not a regular dealer.This sort of action itself shows that the manner in which Nancy behaved and handled the situation was commendable even if that meant that she had to break the rules. Her loyalty and tactfulness were the main factors that influenced her very much while taking the decision. The reputation of any company should be the primary concern of each and every employee, nobody should behave or act in such a manner towards a customer, that it gives a bad reputation to the company.If the reputation of the company is at stake, than it is alright for an employee to break a rule, if he thinks it would improve the reputation of the company. In this manner the company can also try to modify their set of rules if the need arises. The employees should be encouraged to employ a particular strategy and to break an y particular policies the company has in order to provide good customer service. And such employees should also be properly rewarded for breaking the rules, while keeping in mind the company’s reputation and proper service to the customers.Any company which encourages employees to break policies is a very good company for the customers as well as its employees and investors. A good employee with tact for good customer service goes a long way in improving a company’s reputation. Breaking the Rules Breaking a rule is far better than creating a scene in front of a customer. If there is any rule in the company that has been made only to increase the profits of the company, and to avoid losses, and it does not favour the customer, then the company has to face the wrath of the customer.Therefore it is better to have rules made in such a manner that they also benefit the customer. Every employee should try to judge the rules of the company which are coming in the way of the g rowth of the company, and should try to bring this to the notice of the management, so that they can modify these rules. It is the responsibility of the employee to study each and every rule, and to see if the rules are still meeting the needs of the company, and if only a part of any rule is applicable, then they should try to change or rectify the remaining part of the rule, so that it benefits their company.The employee should try to solve a problem by first defining it, and seeing what needs to be done, to overcome the problem, voicing out the difficulties might help when any other employee might come out with a solution. If any idea is offered and an employee doesn’t like it, he can offer a different perspective to that problem. It is the job of the employee to always think of new strategies and methods to satisfy the customer and to provide better customer service. It is better to challenge the rules which do not add to an employee’s growth or the company’ s growth, than to accept them.Every company should encourage its employees to think in a diverse manner, and to not blindly follow the rules but be creative in their attitudes towards the customers, bending any rules which do not contribute to the growth of the company is very much necessary for the company as well as the employee’s career growth. Good customer service should be the main motto of every employee to attain the confidence of the management. References Customer Service Etiquette, Illium Software Blog, Retrieved on 18 November 2007, http://blog. iliumsoft. com/?p=54 Encouraging Independent Thought, Service Untitled, Retrieved on 18 November 2007, http://www. serviceuntitled. com/category/culture/ John Groth, Career Management: Break the Rules for Career Success, Articlesbase, Retrieved on 18 November 2007, http://www. articlesbase. com/career-management-articles/career-management-break-the-rules-for-career-success-262123. html Laurie Brown, When Good Customer Serv ice Rules go Bad, Retrieved on 18 November 2007, http://www. babyshopmagazine. com/fall07/when-good-customer-service-rules-go-bad. html

University of Madras

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;; UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS (Established under the Act of Incorporation XXVII of 1857 – Madras University Act 1923) B. Sc. / B. C. A. DEGREE [CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM] EXAMINATIONS November 2012 (State University) TIME-TABLE [For candidates admitted to the Course of Study from the Academic Year 2008-2009] Time: FN – 10. 00 am to 01. 00 pm AN – 02. 00 pm to 05. 00 pm Max: 75 Marks DATE & SESSION SUBJECTS SUBJECT CODEFOUNDATION COURSES PART – I – LANGUAGES – FIRST SEMESTER Tamil – I CLA1A Telugu – I CLB1A Kannanda – I CLC1A Malayalam – I CLD1A Hindi – I CLE1A 15-11-2012 FN Urdu – I CLF1A Sanskrit – I CLG1A Arabic – I CLH1A Arabic – I (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) CLH1E French – I CLK1A French – I (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) CLK1E SECOND SEMESTER Tamil – II CLA2B Tamil – II (Candidate admitted from 2010-2011) Telugu – II Kannanda – II 15-11-2012 AN Malayalam – II Hindi – II Urdu – II Sanskrit – II Arabic – II French – II THIRD SEMESTER Tamil – III Telugu – III Kannanda – III Malayalam – III 10-11-2012 FN Hindi – III Urdu – III Sanskrit – III Arabic – III French – III FOURTH SEMESTER Tamil – IV Telugu – IV Kannanda – IV Malayalam – IV 10-11-2012 AN Hindi – IV Urdu – IV Sanskrit – IV Arabic – IV French – IV CLA2G CLB2B CLC2B CLD2B CLE2B CLF2B CLG2B CLH2B CLK2B CLA3C CLB3C CLC3C CLD3C CLE3C CLF3C CLG3C CLH3C CLK3C CLA4D CLB4D CLC4D CLD4D CLE4D CLF4D CLG4D CLH4D CLK4D 2 FOUNDATION COURSES PART – II – ENGLISH -FIRST SEMESTER English – I (For candidates admitted in 2008-2009 Batch) CLZ1A English – I (From 2009-2010 Batch – for BCA/B. Sc. 17-11-2012 FN CLZ1E Electronics and communication science Br. ) English – I (From 2009-2010 Batch – for B. Sc. & B. A. Candidates) CLZ1H SECOND SEMESTER English – II CLZ2B English – II (From 2009-2010 Batch- for BCA / B. Sc.CLZ2G 17-11-2012 AN Electronics and communication science Br. ) English – II (From 2009-2010 Batch- for B. A. /B. Sc. All CLZ2J Branches except Electronics and communication Science) THIRD SEMESTER 14-11-2012 FN English – III CLZ3C FOURTH SEMESTER 14-11-2012 AN English – IV CLZ4D FOURTH SEMESTERSPECIAL SUBJECT – COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES 16-11-2012 AN Environmental Studies ENV4A CORE COURSE-MAIN SUBJECTS [TAD] ADVANCED ZOOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013 Batch onwards) 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Invertebrate Paper – I Invertebrate TAD1A TAE1A [TAE] ZOOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013 onwards) SAA] ADVANCED ZOOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY & [SAW] ZOOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER 20-11 -2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 AN Paper – I Invertebrate-I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Invertebrate-II THIRD SEMESTER Paper-IV Chordata-I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Chordata-II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper-VII- Cell Biology Paper-VIII- Genetics Paper-IX – Animal Physiology Paper – X – Bio Statistics & Computer Applications SIXTH SEMESTER Paper-XI Environmental Biology & Evolution Paper-XII Developmental Biology & Immunology Paper-XIII Biotechnology & Microbiology Bio Statistics & Computer Applications ELECTIVIES – I/II/III Bio-Informatics Computer Application in Life Science Medical Lab Technique and Bio instrumentation Pisciculture and Aquarium Fish Keeping Sericulture and Apiculture Economic Entomology and Pest Management SAA4A SAA5A SAA5B S AA5C SAA5D/ SAA6D SAA6A SAA6B SAA6C SAA6D/ SAA5D SEAAA SEAAB SEAAC SEAAD SEAAE SEAAG SAA3A SAA2B SAA1A 3 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN SAB] BIOCHEMISTRY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Cell Biology SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Chemistry of Biomolecules THIRD SEMESTER Paper IV: Biochemical Techniques–I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Biochemical Techniques–II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper VII: Enzymes Paper VIII- Intermediary Metabolism Paper IX: Molecular Biology Elective- I Biotechnology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper X –Nutritional Biochemistry & Human Rights Pa per XI – Clinical Bio Chemistry ELECTIVES Elective – II – Immunology Elective – III – Physiology [SAC] BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Cell Biology SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III Molecular Developmental Biology THIRD SEMESTER Paper-V – Genetics FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- VII- Plant Biotechnology FIFTH SEMESTER Paper- IX – Animal and Medical Biotechnology Paper- X – Bioinformatics Paper-XI-Immunology Elective –I Pharmaceutical Biotechnology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper XIII – Genetic Engineering Paper XIV – Bioprocess Technology ELECTIVES Elective – II Microbial Biotechnology Elective – III Environmental Biotechnology [SAD] CHEMISTRY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I General Chemistry I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III General Chemistry II THIRD SEMESTER Paper – V – General Chemistry III FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Inorganic Chemistry – I FIFTH SEMESTER Paper –VII-Inorganic Chemistry II Paper – VIII- Organic Chemistry I Paper – IX–Physical Chemistry I (Prior to 2010-11) Paper – IX–Physical Chemistry I (Candidate admitted from 2010-2011) SAB1A SAB2B SAB3A SAB4A SAB5A SAB5B SAB5C SEB5A SAB6A SAB6B SEB6A SEB6B SAC1A SAC2B SAC3A SAC4A SAC5A SAC5B SAC5C SEC5A SAC6A SAC6B SEC6A SEC6B SAD1A SAD2B SAD3A SAD4A SAD5A SAD5B SAD5C SAD5D SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XII Organic Chemistry – II SAD6A Paper – XIII Physical Chemistry –II SAD6B Paper – XIV Analytical Chemistry SAD6C ELECTIVES – I/ II/ III Material and Nano Chemistry SEDAA Industrial Chemistry SEDAB Pharmaceutical Chemistry SEDAC Applied Electrochemistry SEDAD Leather Chemistry SEDAE Polymer Electrochemistry SEDAG [SAE] COMPUTER SCIENCE – FIRST SEMESTER Programming in C SAE1A SECOND SEMESTER Digital Electronics and Microprocessors SAE2B THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V-Programming in C++ and Data Struc tures SAE3A / SAZ3A FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- VII – Programming in Java SAE4A / SAZ4A FIFTH SEMESTER Paper – IX Operating systems SAE5A Paper -X-Database Management Systems SAE5B / SAZ5A Paper – XI – Computer Architecture and SAE5C Organization ELECTIVIES – I Visual Programming SEE5A / SEZ5A/ SEU6C RDBMS with ORACLE SEE5B / SEZ5B Unix Programming SEE5C / SEZ5C SIXTH SEMESTER SAE6A/ Paper – XIII Data Communication & Networking SAZ6B/ SEU6D SAE6B/SAZ6A Paper – XIV Web Technology ELECTIVIES – II 06-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN Data Mining Object Oriented Analysis and Design Software Testing ELECTIVIES – III 24-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN Client Server Computing Computer Graphics Software Engineering Paper-I Electricity And Basic Electronics SECOND SEMESTER Paper-II Electromangetism and AC Circuits THIRD SEMESTER Paper-IV Se miconductor Physics Paper–V Numerical Methods Paper – VI – Amplifiers and Oscillators FOURTH SEMESTER Paper-VII – Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits Paper–VIII-Programming in C Paper –IX – Digital Electronics SEE6D/ SEZ6E/ SEU6E SEE6E SEE6G SAG1A SAG2B SAG3A SAG3B SAG3C SAG4A SAG4B SAG4C SEE6A/SEZ6A SEE6C/SEZ6C SEE6B/ SAZ6C/ SEU6G 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 22-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN [SAG] ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE – FIRST SEMESTER FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper –XI- Microprocessor (Intel 8085) SAG5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – XII-Antennas and Wave Propagation SAG5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper XIII–Communication Electronics SAG5C ELECTIVIES – I Medical Electronics SEG5A Industrial Electronics SEG5B 05-11-2012 FN Power Electronics SEG5C Computer Networks SEG5D SIXTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 AN Paper XV – Microprocessor Interfacing (Intel 8085) SAG6A 02-11-2012 AN Paper XVI – Television and Video Engineering SAG6B 03-11-2012 AN Paper XVII – Opto – Electronics SAG6C Paper XVIII – Electrical & Electronics 05-11-2012 AN SAG6D Instrumentation [SAH] HOTEL & CATERING MANAGEMENT – FIRST SEMESTER 15-11-2012 FN Paper – I French – I SAH1A 17-11-2012 FN Paper – II English – I SAH1B 20-11-2012 FN Paper-III Food Production-I SAH1C 21-11-2012 FN Paper – IV Food & Beverage Service – I SAH1D 22-11-2012 FN Paper – V Front Office Operation-I SAH1E 23-11-2012 FN Paper-VI Nutrition & Food Science-I (Max. 35 Marks) SBH1A 15-11-2012 AN 17-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 AN 23-11-2012 AN SECOND SEMESTER Paper – VII French – II Paper – VIII Engl ish – II Paper–IX Food Production– II Paper – X Food & Beverage Service – II Paper–XI Accomodation Operation – I Paper XII–Nutrition and Food Science II (Max. 35 Marks) SAH2G SAH2H SAH2J SAH2K SBH2B SBH2C 6-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 24-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 10-11-2012 FN 14-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 10-11-2012 AN 14-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN THIRD SEMESTER Food Production – III Food and Beverage Service – III Hotel Engineering and Maintenance (Max. 35 Marks) Principles of Management (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Accounting System (Max. 35 Marks) Food and Beverage Management (Max. 35 Marks) FIFTH SEMESTER Food Production – IV Food & Beverage Service – IV Front Office Operation- II Marketing and Sales Management (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Law (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Financial Management (Max. 5 Marks) SIXTH SEMESTER Food Production Facility Planning (Max. 35 Marks) Accommodation Operation – II Human Rights and Human Relations Education (Max. 35 Marks) Application of Computer (Max. 35 Marks) SAH3A SAH3B SBH3A SBH3B SBH3C SBH3D SAH5A SAH5B SAH5C SAH5D SAH5E SAH5G SAH6A SAH6B SAH6C SAH6D SAH6E [TAJ] HOME SCIENCE EMERING TECHNOLOGY – CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIETETICS – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Food Science SAJ1A 21-11-2012 FN Paper – II Human Physiology SAJ1B [SAJ] CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIETETICS – FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Paper – III Basic Nutrition SAJ2C 21-11-2012 AN Paper – IV Family Meal Management SAJ2D/ SAL4A THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN Paper– V-Microbiology of Sanitation and Hygiene FOURTH SEMESTER Paper–VII Personnel Management Paperâ€⠀œVIII Nutritional Biochemistry FIFTH SEMESTER Paper IX – Human Development Paper – X – Advanced Dietetics Paper XI- Quantity Food Production Paper XII – Clinical Nutrition Elective I – Principles of Interior Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Food Service Equipment and Layout Paper XIV – Community Nutrition Paper – XV Management of Resources ELECTIVES – II/III Electives – II Entrepreneurship Development SAJ3A SAJ4A SAJ4B SAJ5A/SAK5A/ SAL5A SAJ5B SAJ5C / SAL5C SAJ5D SEJ5A / SEL5A SAJ6A/SAL6A SAJ6B/SAL6B SAJ6C/SAL6C SEJ6A SEJ6B/SEK6B/ 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies SEL6B [TAK] HOME SCIENCE EMERING TECHNOLOGY – INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Principles of Interior Decoration – I SAK1A 21-11-2012 FN Principles of Interior Decoration – II SAK1B [SAK] INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR – FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Principles of I nterior Design- I SAK2C 21-11-2012 AN Principles of Interior Design-II SAK2D THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Paper -V – Applied art on textiles – I SAK3APaper–VI-Interior Design and Applied arts (Minor 19-11-2012 FN SAK3B Arts ) FOURTH SEMESTER Paper-VII – Interior Design and Applied arts 09-11-2012 AN SAK4A (Major Arts ) 19-11-2012 AN Paper–VIII- Applied art on textiles – II SAK4B FIFTH SEMESTER SAK5A/SAJ5A/ 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX -Human Development SAL5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Textiles and Clothing I SAK5B Paper XI – Fine Arts, Drawing, Sculpture and 03-11-2012 FN SAK5C Painting SAK5D 05-11-2012 FN Paper XII-Fundamentals of Foods and Nutrition SEK5A 06-11-2012 FN Elective I – Mass Communication SIXTH SEMESTER SAK6A 01-11-2012 AN Paper – XIII – Textiles and Clothing II Paper – XIV – Fine Arts, Drawing, Sculpture and SAK6B 02-11-2012 AN Painting SAK6C 03-11-2012 AN Paper XV â⠂¬â€œ Principles of Resource Management ELECTIVES II/III SEK6A 05-11-2012 AN Electives – II Communication and Graphic Design SEK6B/SEJ6B/ 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies SEL6B [TAL] HOME SCIENCE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Food Science SAJ1A 21-11-2012 FN Paper – II Human Physiology SAJ1B [SAL] NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS SECOND SEMESTER 19-11-2012 AN Paper – III Microbiology SAL2A 20-11-2012 AN Paper – IV House Keeping SAL2B THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Paper – V- Biochemistry SAL3A FOURTH SEMESTER 21-11-2012 AN Paper –VII Family Meal Management SAL4A / SAJ2D 09-11-2012 AN Paper – VIII Human Nutrition SAL4B FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX – Human Development SAL5A /SAK5A / SAJ5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Dietetics SAL5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper XI – Quantity Food Product ion SAL5C / SAJ5C SAL5D 05-11-2012 FN Paper XII- Fundamentals of Textiles and Clothing SEL5A / SEJ5A 06-11-2012 FN Elective I – Principles of Interior Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Food Service Equipment and Layout SAL6A/ SAJ6A 01-11-2012 AN SAL6B/ SAJ6B 02-11-2012 AN Paper – XIV Community Nutrition SAL6C/SAJ6C 03-11-2012 AN Paper – XV Management of Resources SEL6A 05-11-2012 AN Electives-II Clothing Construction SEL6B / SEK6B / SEJ6B 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies [SAM] MATHEMATICS – FIRST SEMESTER 21-11-2012 FN 22-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Algebra And Trigonometry-I Paper – II Calculus And Co-Ordinate Geometry of 2 Dimensions SECOND SEMESTER SAM1A/TAB1A SAM1B/TAB1B SAM2C/TAB2A SAM2D/TAB2B SAM3A/TAB3A SAM3B/TAB3B Paper – III Algebra and Trigonometry-II Paper –IV Calculusand Differential Geomentry THIRD SEMESTER Paper –V Differential equa tions and Laplace transforms Paper – VI Coordinate geometry of 3 dimensions and probability FOURTH SEMESTER 9-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 24-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN Paper –VII Vector Calculus, Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms Paper – VIII Statics FIFTH SEMESTER SAM4A SAM4B SAM5A SAM5B SAM5C SAM5D SAM6A SAM6B SAM6C SEMAA SEMAB SEMAC SEMAD SEMAE SEMAG SEMAH SEMAJ SEMAK SEMAM SEMAL Paper –IX Algebraic Structures –I Paper – X – Real Analysis –I Paper –XI – Dynamics Paper –XII -Programming Language ‘C’ SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Algebraic Structures –II Paper – XIV Real Analysis – II Paper – XV Complex Analysis ELECTIVIES – I/II/IIIOp erations Research-I Graph Theory-I Special Functions-I Astronomy-I Operation Research II Graphy Theory II Special Functions II Astronomy II Discrete Mathematics Discrete Mathematics (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013) Elementary Number Theory 8 [SAN] MICROBIOLOGY –FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN `02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN Paper – I General Microbiology SECOND SEMESTERSAN1A SAN2B SAN3A SAN4A SAN5A SAN5B SAN5C SEN5A SAN6A SAN6B SEN6A SEN6B SAR1A SAR2B/TAC2A SAR3A Paper – III Immunology & Microbial Genetics THIRD SEMESTER Paper V – Molecular Biology FOURTH SEMESTER Paper VII – Soil and Agricultural Microbiology FIFTH SEMESTER Paper IX – Medical Bacteriology Paper X – Medical Mycology and Parasitology Paper XI – Medical Virology Elective – I -Genetic Engineering SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII – Environmental Microbiology Paper – XIV – Food and Diary Microbiology Electives – II Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Electives – III Biotechnology [SAR] PHYSICS -FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Mechanics And Properties of Matter SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Thermal Physics & AccousticsTHIRD SEMESTER Paper – IV Optics FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –V – Atomic Physics FIFTH SEMESTER SAR4A SAR5A SAR5B SAR5C SAR5D SER5A SAR6A SAR6B SER6A SER6B SAS1A SAS2B SAS3A SAS4A SAS5A SAS5B SAS5C SAS5D SES5A SAS6A SAS6B SAS6C SES6A SES6B Paper VII Electricity and Elect romagnetism Paper VIII Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics Paper – IX – Solid State Physics Paper – X – Basic Electronics Electives – I Numerical Methods SIXTH SEMESTER Paper XI Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Paper – XII Mathematical Methods in Physics Electives – II Integrated Electronics Electives – III Microprocessor Fundamentals Paper–I Plant Diversity– I Phycology SECOND SEMESTER SAS] PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Plant Diversity – II Mycology, Virology, Bacteria and Lichens THIRD SEMESTER Paper- IV – Bryophytes and Pteridophytes FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –V – Gymnosperms and Paleobotany FIFTH SEMESTER Paper VII – Plant Morphology and Taxonomy Paper- VIII – Plant Anatomy and Embryology Paper- IX -Environmental science and Phytogeography Paper – X Cell Biology and Molecular Biology Electives – I Horticulture SIXTH SEMESTER P aper – XI Genetics, Plant Breeding, Evolution and Biostatistics Paper – XII – Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry Paper – XIII Economic Botany Electives – II Advanced Plant Biotechnology Electives – III Plant pathology [SAT] PSYCHOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I General Psychology – I Paper-II Biological Basis of Behavior-I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III General Psychology–II Paper-IV Biological Basis of Behavior-II THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V Developmental Psychology – I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –VII – Developmental Psychology – II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper – IX- Psychopathology – I Paper – X – Psychological Research and Measurement 20-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 20- 11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN SAT1A SAT1B SAT2C SAT2D SAT3A SAT4A SAT5A SAT5B SAT5C SAT5D SET5A SAT6A SAT6B SAT6C SET6A SET6B SAU1A SAE1A SAU3A SBU3A SAU4A SBU4A SAU5A SAU5B SAU5C SEU5A SEU5B SEU5C SAU6A SAU6BPaper – XI – Applied Psychology Paper–XII- Social Psychology- I Elective – I – Health Psychology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Psychopathology – II Paper – XIV Organizational Psychology Paper – XV – Social Psychology – II Electives – II Counselling and Guidance Electives – III Human Resource Management [SAU] SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER Fundamentals of Digital Computers SECOND SEMESTER Programming in C THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V Data Structures through C++ Applied Physics- I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper–VII– Microprocessor and its Applications Applied Physics- II FIFTH SEM ESTER Paper – IX : Software Engineering Paper – X : Operating Systems Paper – XI : Programming in JAVA ELECTIVIES – I Computer Oriented Mathematics Software Project Management Object Oriented Analysis and Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII: Object Oriented Software Engineering Paper – XIV: Database Management Systems ELECTIVIES – II Multimedia Systems 06-11-2012 FN 7-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN Software Quality and Assurance Visual Programming ELECTIVIES – III Data Communication and Networking SEU6D/ SAZ6B/ SAE6A Client Server Computing SEU6E/ SEE6D/ SEZ6E Software Testing SEU6G/ SEE6B/ SAZ6C [SAY] ELECTRONIC MEDIA – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I History of Electronic Media SAY1A Paper – II Principles of Audiography SAY1B SECOND SEMESTER Paper â€⠀œ III Communication Skills SAY2C Paper – IV Radio Production SAY2D THIRD SEMESTER Paper– V – Videography SAY3A Paper–VI–Video Editing (Principles and Practices) SAY3B SEU6A/ SEZ6D SEU6B SEU6C / SEE5A / SEZ5A 10FOURTH SEMESTER Paper– VII Elements of Film SAY4A Paper–VIII– Scriptwriting and Direction SAY4B FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX – Television Production Management SAY5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Media Aesthetics SAY5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper – XI – Graphics and Animation SAY5C SIXTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 AN Paper – XIII – Media Organization SAY6A 02-11-2012 AN Paper – XIV – Media Culture and Society SAY6B (TAA) – STATISTICS – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Descriptive Statistics TAA1A 21-11-2012 FN Mathematics for Statistics – I TBA1A SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Probability and Random Variables TAA2A 21-11-2012 AN Mathematics for Statistics – II TBA2A THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Distribution Theory TAA3A 19-11-2012 FN â€Å"C† Language Programming TBA3A (TAB) – MATHEMATICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER 21-11-2012 FN Core – 1 Algebra And Trigonometry – I TAB1A/SAM1A Core – 2 Calculus And Co-Ordinate Geometry of 2 22-11-2012 FN TAB1B/SAM1B Dimensions 24-11-2012 FN Core – 3 Object Oriented Programming – Using C++ TAB1C SECOND SEMESTER 21-11-2012 AN Core – 5 Algebra And Trigonometry – II TAB2A/SAM2C 22-11-2012 AN Core – 6 Calculus and Differential Geometry TAB2B/SAM2D Core – 7 Data Structures TAB2C 23-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN THIRD SEMESTER Differential Equations and Laplace Transforms TAB3A/SAM3A Coordinate Geometry of 3 Dimensions and Probability TAB3B/SAM3B (TAC) – PHYSICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER Core – 1 Mechanics And Pro perties of Matter TAC1A SECOND SEMESTER Core – 2 Thermal Physics & Acoustics TAC2A/SAR2B THIRD SEMESTER Optics TAC3A Basic Electronics TAC3B Data Structures TAC3C/TAB2C Object Oriented Programming Using C++ TAC3D/TAB1C B. C. A. [SAZ] COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FIRST SEMESTER Fundamentals of Digital Computers SAU1A SECOND SEMESTER Programming in C SAE1A THIRD SEMESTER Programming in C++ and Data Structures SAZ3A/ SAE3A Microprocessors and its Applications SAZ3B Numerical and Statistical Methods SAZ3C Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted Prior to 2009SBZ3A 2010) Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted from 2009SBZ3B 2010) Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted from 2010- 2011) SBZ3C FOURTH SEMESTER Programming in Java SAZ4A/SAE4A Operating System SAZ4B Computer Graphics SAZ4C Cost and Management Accounting SBZ4A FIFTH SEMESTER Paper-XIII – Database Management System SAZ5A/SAE5B Paper-XIV – Software Engineering SAZ5B Paper-XV – Resource Management Techn iques SAZ5C 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 FN 0-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 23-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 11 ELECTIVES – I Visual Programming RDBMS with ORACLE Unix Programming SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XVII Web Technology Paper – XVIII – Data Communication and Networking Paper XIX – Software Testing ELECTIVES – II Data Mining E-Commerce Object Oriented Analysis and Design ELECTIVES – III Multimedia Systems Distributed Computing Client Server Computing 22-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN SEZ5A/ SEE5A/SEU6C SEZ5B/ SEE5B/ SEZ5C/ SEE5C SAZ6A/ SAE6B SAZ6B/ SAE6A/SEU6D SAZ6C/ SEE6B/ SEU6G SEZ6A/SEE6A SEZ6B SEZ6C/ SEE6C 08-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 ANSEZ6D/SEU6A SEZ6G SEZ6E /SEE6D/ SEU6E ALL IED SUBJECTS (For All Branches) – FIRST SEMESTER / THIRD SEMESTER Biochemistry – I SBBBA Paper-I – Bio-Chemistry (Applied Biotechnology) SBBBC Paper-I -Biochemistry (For Biotechnology Br. ) SBC3A Paper-I – Biochemistry (For Microbiology Br. ) Paper – III- Basic Computer Application and AUTOCAD – I (For Interior Design and Decor Br) Paper III Basic Computer science and application (For Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics ) Paper–III Basic Computer science and application–I (For Nutrition, Food Service Managt. And Dietetics Branch) Paper–III Statistics in Psychology (For Psychology Branch) Financial Accounting – I (Com. To B. Com-Gen. BM, BBA, BSc & BSc-ISM) Chemistry– I (Other than Mathematics&Physics Br) Chemistry – I (For Mathematics & Physics Br) Chemistry – I [Microbiology Branch] Interior Design Studio and Building System Technology–I Paper– I Calculus of Finite Difference and N umerical Analysis Paper – I Statistical Methods and their Applications – I [For Botany,Computer Science] Paper – I Microbiology – I [For Bio-Technology] Paper – I Microbiology – I [For Biochemistry) Paper – I Zoology (Admitted prior to 2012-13) Paper – I Zoology (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) Paper–I Mathematical Statistics-I [For Mathematics] Paper – I Principles of Sociology (For Psychology Branch) SBN3A SBK3A SBJ3A/ SBL3A SBL3A/ SBJ3A SBT3A SBAMK/BPF1A/ BPZ1A/ BPW1A/ MAM1A SBADA SBADC SBD1E SBK1A SBAME SBAOC SBANA SBANC SBAAA SBAAC SBAOA SBT1A 23-11-2012 FN 26-11-2012 FN 27-11-2012 FN 28-11-2012 FN 29-11-2012 FN 30-11-2012 FN 01-12-2012 FN Cost Accounting (For Mathematics Branch) Mathematics – I [For Computer Science, Software Engg. , & B. C. A] Mathematics – I [Other than Comp. Sci. , Software Engg & B. C.A] Bio-Statistics I [For Zoology, Biochemistry Br. ] Physics – I Basic Physicsâ₠¬â€œI (For B. Sc. Electronics & Communication Science) SBAMR SBAMA SBAMC SBAOH SBARA SBG3A SBASA Botany – I 12 23-11-2012 AN 26-11-2012 AN 27-11-2012 AN ALLIED SUBJECTS (For All Branches) SECOND SEMESTER/FOURTH SEMESTER Paper – II Genetics and Microbiology (Applied SBBBD Biotechnology) Bio-Statistics (For Microbiology Br. ) SBN4A Paper–IV Book Keeping and Cost Accounting SBJ4A Paper – IV – Basic Computer Application and SBK4A AUTOCAD-II Paper– IV – Basic Computer Science and SBL4A Applications- II Paper – IV – Marketing and Consumer Behavior SBT4A Financial Accounting – II(Com. To B. Com-Gen. SBAML/BPZ2A/BPF2A/ Finance) Chemistry – II (Other than Mathematics & Physics SBADB Branch) Chemistry – II(For Mathematics & Physics Br) SBADD Chemistry-II [Microbiology Br. ] SBD2G Chemistry (For Biotechnology) SBADE Interior Design Studio and Building System SBK2B Technology- II Paper – II Calculus of Fi nite Difference and SBAMG Numerical Analysis Paper–II Statistical Methods and their Applications – SBAOD II [For Botany,Computer Science Branch] Paper – II – Biophysics and Biostatistics SBACB (For Biotechnology) Paper – II Microbiology – II [For Biochemistry] SBAND Paper – II Zoology SBAAB SBAOB SBT2B SBAMS SBAMB SBAMD SBAOJ SBARB SBG4A SBASB 28-11-2012 AN 29-11-2012 AN 30-11-2012 AN 01-12-2012 AN Paper-II Mathematical Statistics-II [For Mathematics Br. Paper-II Fundamentals of Social Anthropology (For Psychology Branch) Management Accounting(For Mathematics Branch) Mathematics – II [For Computer Science, Software Appl. ,& B. C. A] Mathematics-II [Other than Comp. Science, Software Appl. & B. C. A] Bio-Statistics – II [For Zoology, Biochemistry Br] Physics – II Basic Physics–II (For B. Sc. Electronics & Communication Science) Paper – II Botany NON EQUIVALENT SUBJECTS 03-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 04-12-2012 05-12-2012 05-12-2012 06-12-2012 06-12-2012 07-12-2012 07-12-2012 08-12-2012 08-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 08-12-2012 06-12-2012 07-12-2012 08-12-2012 FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN FN FN FN FN FNBOTANY Paper–III Cytology and Anatomy Paper-V Microbiology and Plant Pathology Paper–IX Taxonomy and Embryology Paper–X Environmental Biology and Toxicology Paper–XI Plant Physiology and Plant Bio Chemistry Microtechnique Plant Protection Hydrobiology – Freshwater Horticulture Food Microbiology Bio-Technology Plant Cell and Tissue Culture MICROBIOLOGY Paper-II Microbial Physiology Paper – III Immunology Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Immunotechnology Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) and Bio-Safety Fermentation Technology & Downstearm Processing BA3A BA5A BA6A BA6B BA6C RBAA RBAB RBAC RBAD TEC TEG TEH BB2A BB3A RBBA RBBB RBBC RBBD 13 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 05-12-2012 06-12-2012 FN FN FN FNPLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLO GY Paper – X Environmental Science & Phytogeography Paper – XI Plant Physiology Modern Plant Pathology Microtechnique ZOOLOGY Paper – XII Evolution Paper – XII Evolution Biology of Fish and Capture Fisheries Principles of Aquaculture Fish Genetics and Diseases ADVANCE ZOOLOGY AND BIO-TECHNOLOGY BC6B BC6C RBCA RBCB 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 FN BD6D BD6J ZBEA ZBEB RBEA 03-12-2012 FN Paper – XII Biochemistry BIO-TECHNOLOGY BJ6D 03-12-2012 FN 08-12-2012 FN 08-12-2012 FN Paper – X Intellectual Property Management Biosafety and Bioethics Immunology and Bio Physics Environmental Bio-Technology and DNA Recombidant Technology BIO-CHEMISTRY BK6C ZBDG RBDL 03-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FNEnvironmental Bio-Chemistry Bio-Chyemistry – II Bio Instrumentation CHEMISTRY Paper – IV General Chemistry – IV Applied Chemistry – I Applied Chemistry – II PSYCHOLOGY Paper-IV Applied Social Psycho logy Paper-IV Applied Social Psychology Paper – XI Geriatric Psychology Psychology of Advertising Educational Psychology Rehabilitation Psychology Environmental Psychology Statistical Reasoning in Psychology Environmental Psychology Human Development and Family Studies MATHEMATICS a) The Relational Data Model, Relational Algebra and Calculus b) Elements of System Software NUMERICAL METHODS FOR STATISTICS MAIN PHYSICS Energy Physics Material Science Computer Programming – â€Å"C† Language Molecular Biophysics Spectroscopy and Laser Physics INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR RCAA ZCAB ZCAC 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN CB4A RCBA RCBB 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 AN 05-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 AN 06-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 AN 07-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 AN HG2B HG2D HG5C RHGB KNA/ RGC TWB ZHGB ZHGD ZHGG ZHGH 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN TAH TAK ZPAL 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN RPBE RPBH RPBD RPBG RPBJ 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN Interior Design Studio and Buil ding Systems Techonology-I Interior Design Studio and Building Systems Technology-II SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ZRTA ZRTB 03-12-2012 FN Data Structures PE4B 14ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 FN Paper – III Physics of Materials Paper – XII Data Processing and Personal Computers Mathematical Physics Basic Physics Nuclear Electronics NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN Consumer Education Paper-II Sanitation & Hygiene Paper-IV Advanced Cookery NAUTICAL SCIENCE 01-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 FN Paper-I Nautical Mathematics-I Paper-II Nautical Physics and Electronics-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-II Nau tical Physics and Electronics-I (From 2004-05) Paper-III Navigation-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-III Navigation-I (From 2004-05)(70 Marks) Paper-IV Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-IV Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention-I Paper – V Nautical Mathematics – II Paper – VI Nautical Physics and Electronics – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – VI Nautical Physics and Electronics–II (From 2004-05) Paper – VII Ship Operation Technology – I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – VII Ship Operation Technology–I (From 2004-05) (60 Marks) Paper – VIII Naval Architecture – I Paper-IX Marine Engineer-ing & Control Systems-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-IX Marine Engineering & Control Systems-I (From 2004-05) Paper – X Navigation – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – X Navigation – II (From 2004-05) 70 Marks) Paper- XI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention–II (Prior to 2004 -05) Paper- XI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention – II Paper – XII Ship Operation Technology – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – XII Ship Operation Technology-II Computer Programming Paper – XIII Naval Architecture – II Paper – XIV Marine Engineering & Control Systems-II Paper – XIV Marine Engineering & Control Systems-II Paper – XV Navigation-III Paper – XV Navigation-III Paper – XVI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention–III Paper – XVI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention–III Maritime Law Paper – XVII Bridge Procedures & Legal Knowledge Paper – XVII Bridge Procedures & Legal Knowledge Paper – XVIII Naval Architecture – III Paper – XIX Marine Engineering & Control Systems-III Paper – XIX Marine Engineering & Control Systems-III 21-11-2012 AN Paper – XX Cargo Work & Marine Communication Paper – XX Cargo Work & Marine Communicati on 22-11-2012 FN Marine Management and Maritime Commerce NU1A NU1B NU1C NU2A NU2C NU2B NU2D NU3A NU3B NU3E NU3C NU3G NU3D NU4A NU4E NU4B NU4G NU4C NU4H NU4D NU4J NU4K NU5A NU5B NU5E NU5C NU5G NU5D NU5H RNUA NU6A NU6E NU6B NU6C NU6G NU6D NU6H RNUB RRNC RN1C RN2B PJ3A PJ5D AXA AXB OXC 15STATISTICS 01-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 09-11-2012 09-11-2012 06-12-2012 19-11-2012 20-11-2012 20-11-2012 05-12-2012 05-12-2012 22-11-2012 05-12-2012 04-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 04-12-2012 08-12-2012 03-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 04-12-2012 AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN FN AN FN AN Paper-I Descriptive Statistics Paper-II Probability and Distributions-I Paper – III Probability and Distributions – II Paper – IV Statistical Inference – I Paper – V Statistical Inference – II Pap er – VI Design of Experiments Paper – VII Time Series, Index Numbers, and Official Statistics Paper – VIII Programming In C++ Demography and Actuarial Statistics Paper – IX Sampling Techniques Paper – X Statistical Quality Control Paper – XI Operations Research Paper – XII Regression Analysis and its Applications Paper – XII Financial Accounting Stochastic Processes and their Applications Genetical Psychological & Educational StatisticsPaper VII Elective I – MS Access and Visual Basic Statistical Methods and their Applications – I Statistical Methods and their Applications – II Bio – Statistics I Bio – Statistics II Mathematical Statistics – I Mathematical Statistics – II Mathematics for Statistics – II Mathematics for Statistics – II Computers and Bio-Statistics Programming in â€Å"C† for Statistics Main Computer Oriented Statistical Methods Mathematics for Statistics–I Financial Accounting-I Financial Accounting-II Cost and Management Accounting-I Cost and Management Accounting-II Costing & Banking COMPUTER SCIENCE 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN PG1A PG2A PG3A PG4A PG5A PG5B PG5C PG5D RPGA PG6A PG6B PG6C PG6D PG6E RPGB NBN CBJ ZPGA ZPGB ZPGC ZPGD ZPGH ZPGJ ZPGL ZPGM ZCAE ZPCG ZPCM ZPGK ZPAJ ZPAK ZPAM/SDER ZPAN/SDES KJA Mass Communication and Media Digital Photography and Videography Digital Video Production PC2B PC4B PC6E B. C. A. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN Programming In Cobol Data Structures and Algorithms PK3A PK4C University Centenary Building, Chepauk, Chennai-600 005. November 2012 Dr. T. LEO ALEXANDER,M. Sc. , M. S. (Canada), Ph. D. CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS

Overview Of E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Overview Of E-commerce - Essay Example Many giant businesses are using e-marketing for quite sometimes now and many have been programmed with other automated businesses since 1990s. For example, at GE’s Aircraft division, the customer could order an aircraft part, get invoice and initiate delivery all within 45 minutes. However, such sophisticated systems require dedicated communication lines and expensive hardware. These costs have been cut to a great extent with the invention of internet. Generally, B2B exchanges can be sub-divided into three main categories. Consortia are primarily a collaboration of vendors dealing with a particular industry e.g. the consortium of Global Food Exchange. Private Marketplaces on the other hand are run by a single organization and is aided by its key suppliers. Wallmart and Dell are examples of Private Marketplace. ... , industry consortium is typically a Vertical market owned by the industry which allows buyers to procure services and goods from restricted participants. The aim of the industry consortium is to generate steady association with the industry with a view to establish a long term affiliation through contractual procurement. These industry consortium tend to bring together all the supply chains within the industry which in-turn bringing the profits back to the industry. The industry consortia provides a number of facilities e.g. systematic procurement process, auctions, pricing and RFQs mechanisms for profitability of the industry. Q 72 What is channel conflict? Give an example of how channel conflict can be avoided or lessened. Ans Channel conflict is a term used to describe the expulsion of channel partners e.g. suppliers or distributors from supply chain by a company to reach out for the customer directly. This may be achieved through the use of internet via e-commerce or through gen eral marketing. E-commerce provides a simple and economic solution for the businesses to directly contact their consumers and sell their brands without intermediaries. However, this simple solution also brings with it a great challenge. The customers can also interact with one another through internet and exchange ideas regarding product quality and price. This scenario forces the companies to fix a competitive price of the product or service without compromising on the quality. Over production by a company can also result in channel conflict. Similarly, newer editions of the products in the market, trend changes and wholesalers insolvency also cause channel conflict. Therefore, the stock clearance strategy of a company is of utmost importance for avoidance of channel conflict. There are

How advertising may shift purchases between firms and industries Dissertation

How advertising may shift purchases between firms and industries - Dissertation Example persuasive advertising was conceptualised to modify, alter and twist consumers’ tastes. It warps the information that consumers receive, sometimes confusing them or worse, misleading them, making it very hard for them to make informed choices. As it is, basic consumer theory is founded on utility functions, and utility itself is characterised as the satisfaction drawn from the ownership of consumption goods and services. These goods are essential as they gratify the needs and wants of the individual. These physical and psychological needs are known as â€Å"preferences,† and these are believed to be given and to change slowly over time. Persuasive advertising is aimed at affecting and modifying consumers’ preferences. Economic literature is equally divided on the informative or persuasive nature of advertising. Marshall calls it, constructive advertising that is, these are â€Å"measures designed to draw attention to opportunities for buying and selling† and combative advertising which, according to Marshall, involves social wastes. The conventional notion of advertising exemplified in the writings of Kaldor, Bain, Galbraith, and Comanor and Wilson is predisposed to a negative stance of its expediency. The whole contention is that advertising plays a role in bending consumer preferences, whereby consumers are convinced and influenced to buy products that are heavily promoted, in consequence, there exist the exploitation of market power by charging higher prices for branded products.

In these papers there are alot of difficult words and complicated Essay

In these papers there are alot of difficult words and complicated sentences , So please replace them by use simple words and simple sentences - Essay Example of leading green campus initiatives†; and emphasizing that â€Å"successful application of these approaches requires a high competency in listening, communication, relationship building, vision development, responsiveness and continuous strategic adaptation† ; among others. The author likewise explained the basic nature of universities that provided the reasons for current inability to invite widespread campus involvement on the subject. The theories and concepts learned from the reading could be applied in one’s role as administrator and educational leader through suggesting policies for environmental protection and conservation programs within the university level. As stressed, wide-scale involvement or campus participation on environmental programs should be taught at the whole organizational level and across different cultures. Also, it was stated that organizational change would be most effective if all academic personal share the same commitment to environmental preservation and conservation. One believes that through encouraging the participation and involvement of various persons in a campus setting could be difficult. However, the task is not impossible. It just requires commitment, dedication, and perseverance from administrators and educational leaders to encourage student involvement and to deeply establish the need to focus on environmental protection and social responsibility by starting with one’s personal action, guidance, and direction. This article is one of the greatest works that discusses the cultural, social, economic and political nature of colleges. In this respect it explores the possible issues that the administrators should consider for them to effectively run these institutions. The conflict resolution is well discussed in this article and mediation is quoted as the most favorable remedial approach. various arguments that point out how the administrators can formulate appropriate conflict resolution and manage the student

Tropicana Marketing Essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tropicana Marketing Essentials - Essay Example Price enables companies to be in a position to understand whether the product they are offering is in line with the prevailing economic features or opting for other measures is considerable (Dubrin, 2011:301). For Tropicana to roll in a new product, it must bear in mind that the current market structure revolves around taste, price, health standards, and other recognizable 21st century related elements. In some cases, some managers assume place is not important especially when dealing with online marketing. Nevertheless, place is very vital since it sets legal and financial issues. Moreover, in marketing, there is the core subject of every company, which is promotion. Promotion composes of the bigger portion of marketing essentials as it includes sponsorships, advertisements, public relations, viral marketing, special offers and many more. This entails that every Tropicana product needs a blend of place, price, and promotion (Doyle, 2008:93). When the product is cheap, placing is bet ter and this leads to lower price offering. Offering attractive Tropicana products at a reasonable price can reduce marketing expenses. Additionally, it can make customers queue in the distribution outlets and travel further in search of the product. This means that the product will need less promotion since the product has its own optimum blend for customers and market conditions (Allen and Albala, 2007: 372-74). Development of new Tropicana Juice (Pomegranate Juice) Products offered by Tropicana portray that the company does not only sell juices, but also sells health. The health of consumers is of utmost importance to Tropicana due to its healthy orange juice with fiber that it launched on December 14, 2005. Due to firm... This report stresses that producing and marketing requires a company to keep the best interests of the consumers at heart. As such, it is vital for Tropicana to conform to factors such as convenience. Customers require proper mode of packaging with respect to different activities. Therefore, in order for Tropicana’s new product to address this issue, it should have different packaging styles that include juices sold in larger bottles for home purposes. Tropicana should ensure the new product taste outshines that of competitors, as taste is one of the valuable reasons as to why consumers purchase certain types of beverages. This paper makes a conclusion that Tropicana should establish a base of enacting overall marketing objectives of the new type of product. Tropicana should predict and analyze customer’s taste then strive to satisfy their needs. In addition, in order to ensure the product continues to exist in the market while bringing reasonable results, the company should ensure it monitors and analyzes market trends. Consequently, Tropicana should anticipate future changes and initiate strategies to overcome its effects. To keep customers expecting more products with extra benefits, the company should increase positive perception among its customers. Furthermore, identifying positions that are distinctive, compelling, and competitive is essential for the well-being of the Tropicana’s new commodity.

Leadership and battle strategy in the Persian War Essay

Leadership and battle strategy in the Persian War - Essay Example The thesis statement encompassing this paper is the "leadership and battle strategies in Persian Wars". The Persian wars started with a series of battles within the Greek states, predominantly on the part of Persia against several Greek cities in view of the Persian King's strategy of expanding his kingdom and rule. The Persians waged a war against the Athens and Erectia because of the support these states provided to Ionians and other Greek cities in their fight against Persia. The Persian leader at that time was King Darius I, the Great King of Persia who succeeded in seizing control of almost all the Greek states other than the Athens and Strata (Pomeroy 187-188). The preeminent of all the battles fought in the Persian war was the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC that shaped the destiny of Greek empire. This war not only determined the extent of influence exerted by Persia or Athens politically, but also the prevalence of democracy in Greece. The history of Greece would certainly have been different had the Persians won the battle of Marathon against the Athenians. The Athenians were not as strong as Persians with regard to the infantry, war resources and weapons. The Persians were great in number as compared to the Persians, but were endowed with war discipline and an effective military system along with an efficient leadership. Weir propounds that the strategy Greeks employed in their war with Persians was to evoke insurgency among the people who were inside the Persian Empire so as to subvert their strength. The Athenian commander, Miltiades, had also once remained a Persian commander who betrayed the King of Persia. The Greeks, at that time, also excogitated an effective military system that enabled their soldiers to move about the narrow mountains swiftly. They had also developed in terms of weapons, shields and armors that were used by the fighters in the course of war. The primary weapons that the Greek army mostly carried were spears while short swords were also kept as secondary weapons of war (11). The use of traitors in a battle against the enemy seems to be the most eminent strategy engaged by leaders even in the ancient Greece. Miltiades who once happened to be a tyrant in Greek states and also a commander of Persian army, joined hands with Athenians after his partition with the King of Persia. He proved to be one of the prominent leaders in the series of Persian wars who played an effective role in motivating the Athenians to drive the Persians out of the state. When faced with the dilemma of attacking the powerful Persian army, the Athenian leaders had different opinions as to risk a fight or not. Some leaders were in favor of fighting the Persians in an open attack while others were reluctant of taking the risk. The thing that was at stake was not only the lives of Athenians, but also more importantly, the emerging democracy that had the ability to free the Greek world from the claws of tyranny. Miltiades, who was strongly against the Persians, incited the commanders to attack the Persian infantry so as to defend the democracy of Athens (Weir 10). Miltiades also persuaded the other Athenian leaders to go in the favor of attack in order to save Athens from the tyrannical rule of the King Darius as in Persia. Persians had to confront the two strongest opponents of all the Greek States viz. Athens and Strata as a consequence of attacking Athens. Darius, the Great

Analysis and Application_Unit 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis and Application_Unit 5 - Essay Example The method has little freedom for flexibility because of the fixed question order. Thus, individuals may feel that the responses they have given do not fit any of the selected answers (Oatey, 1999). Close-ended questions are types of questions that limit the answers of the respondents to the survey. The participants are permitted to select from a pre-existing collection of dichotomous answers, (such as true/false or yes/no), or ranking scale response choices or multiple choice with options for â€Å"other† to be completed. On the other hand, open-ended questions are forms of questions that do not offer the respondents answers to select from, but instead, the questions are phrased such that the respondents are motivated to elaborate their reactions and answers to the questions with a paragraph or a sentence depending on the survey (Colorado State University, 2012). In this survey, close-ended questions were used, and they included questions such as â€Å"Does your (mother) (father) know who you are with when you are away from home? The response categories were usually, sometimes, or never (3, 2, 1, respectively)† (Jou, Levine, and Singer, 1993). The survey results offered a mixed support for the hypothesis made for the interactive impacts of heavy metal preference. Most of the hypotheses made in the survey were supported, and it was only in one hypothesis that support was little. The researchers found little support for their subcultural hypothesis. This indicates that the methods and approaches used in the survey were valid (Jou, Levine, and Singer, 1993). The questions concerning parental attachment and control were effective. This is because they gave information concerning the link between delinquency, and parental control and attachment. For instance, it was found that the rates of delinquency decreased where there was more control that is parental. However, concerning

Environmental Experiences Essay Example for Free

Environmental Experiences Essay The capability of a location to enhance environmental experience depends on the landscape and its potential to foster and create subjective interpretations among individuals. These places also are significant to visitors since it promotes education and other indirect effects. Recognizing the need for architecture is important for people to fully understand and feel the landscape experience. The Tree Top Walk at the Valley of Giants in Australia â€Å"is a walkway that rises up to 38m above the forest. † Visitors can be able to create the feeling of environment. Visitors get a different perspective on the shapes, sounds and movement of the forest. The Oregon Paleo Lands Institute will help you discover Oregons past and explore its present landscapes. The place helps educate individuals and visitors of the wonders the place has to offer. Our mission is to help northwest residents and visitors of all ages to explore, understand, and enjoy the world-renowned natural history of north central Oregon, the ancient and living landscapes of Oregon’s last 400 million years, and the full fossil record of earth’s last 50 million years. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Texas seeks to inform individuals of the diverse native plants in the region. First as the National Wildflower Research Center and later as the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, this special place exists to introduce people to the beauty and diversity of wildflowers and other native plants. This is in response to the threats and the call for preservation of these plants. These places help enhance their experience of understanding landscape by how each one creates the feeling of satisfaction and cultivate the feeling of appreciation that contributes to the landscape experience. It must be a mixture of both understanding and at the same time appreciation of his/her perceptive abilities. However, an individual must not only settle for what is observable. The visitor must create and conceptualize his/her own interpretation of the landscape. This image will bear some relationship to the way in which the individual responds to and structures his world as a result of his physical perceptual capacities, socio-economic, cultural, personality, experiential and other characteristics. The three types of places mentioned give both direct and indirect experiences to the visitor. Looking at it, the area of indirect experiences is classified to be relative. An experience of an individual may vary depending on how each one perceives a landscape and associates it to personal experience. A person feeling can range from curiosity over the landscape to happiness and awe. There are varied reactions among people and this creates different reactions that cultivate experience. On the other hand, there are also direct experiences that the landscape contributes to a visitor. These are (1) education, (2) environmental education and (3) interpretative centers. Education can be considered as one important contributions of landscape experience. It creates awareness that has been stimulated by the actuality of perceiving, analyzing and understanding the landscape. A visitor creates its connection with the landscape by the way it manifests itself to the viewer and in return how the person responds to it given the factors that revolve around the environment and the individual. Thus, this creates the process of education for each visitor. Environmental education can also be seen as an outcome of landscape experience since the three examples that were given are primarily natural or ecological sites. Landscape experiences gives idea to visitors of the current situation of these sites. This experience creates awareness especially during this time that the call for environmental concern has been constantly increasing. Effective and meaningful environmental education is a challenge we must take seriously if we and future generations are to enjoy the benefits of our natural heritage. Thus, landscape experiences creates an avenue for environmental education by showcasing visitors the beauty and wonder of these sites and how each one is responsible for its protection and continued sustenance. The last mentioned is landscape experience creates interpretative centers. Landscape experience gives opportunities for interpretative centers to provide adequate information regarding the site. Also, interpretative centers provide cultivate interests of volunteers and organizations to further promote the site. Architecture plays an important role in landscape experience. People who have background in the topic understand that its facets are diversified. To fully appreciate architecture, students need to deconstruct its meaning from a variety of perspectives: artistic, social, and scientific. Architecture serves as a guide for visitors to engage in their local landscape. The idea is that each individual seeks find meaning and experience in the landscape however this cannot be done without an understanding architecture. Another is that architecture’ diversity and varied perspectives paves the way for an increased landscape experience among visitors. Different meanings and interpretations are derived from these sites that foster deeper learning experiences. There are many variants and factors that determine the landscape experience of an individual. The capability of an individual to associate the landscape with an understanding of architecture and different subjective interests’ can create a meaningful and worthwhile experience. The full appreciation of the environment experience again is achieved if a learning process is obtained by the individual upon exposure to the landscape.

Roles and Responsibilities- River Island case study Essay Example for Free

Roles and Responsibilities- River Island case study Essay Roles and Responsibilities In a business every employee has a position or role within their workplace. A manager is expected to lead his or her employees, a supervisor is assumed to be good at teaching others as they are usually training additional employees. In this section I will explain the different roles and responsibilities a manager, supervisor and an employee may have including their decision making and problem solving techniques involved in their role. Roles and responsibilities of a Manager: A River Island manager has many responsibilities; they are responsible for the hiring and training of new staff members. The manager has to read through applications and decide whom to interview. The manager has to decide whether the candidate is right for the job in other words fits in with the shops working environment. The shop manager is also reliable for training all hires in the businesss procedures and policies. I spoke to River Island shop managers and she informed me that one of her roles as a manager is to manage her staff. A shop manager has to inform all staff members of their working hours and duties within the shop she also has to think about awarding hard-working staff with promotions or bonuses. On the other hand those who fail to accomplish a duty, the manager will warn them under the disciplinary procedures of the company. In addition a shop manager’s duty is to record and manage all the money that goes into the store. The shop manager must record the amount of money that goes in and out of the store each day, they have to keep track of the stores spending, and including staffing hours and often distributes pay checks to employees. Roles and responsibilities of a Supervisor: A supervisor’s role is to organise the store, a river Island supervisor has to co-ordinate activities of the assigned department, and they usually have to determine how important the activities are on a daily basis. For example an employee who works in the men clothing section in River Island may be assigned the role of organising and cleaning up that department, it is the supervisor’s job to make sure the employee knows this. The supervisor is in charge of making sure that the Sales assistant reports that those jobs are completed for the week. Supervisors have to check the store for cleanliness and ensure that the store display is neat and organized before the store opens. And if the store manager is not available the supervisor steps in to manage the store activities. Supervisors hold staff meetings to discuss issues staff member may have in performing their job within this meeting they discuss changes in routines, clothing offers or discounts. Roles and responsibilities of an Employee (Sales Assistant): I contacted a River Island employee and asked on the main responsibilities of being a River Island sales assistant. The Sales Assistant expressed to me the different responsibilities she had. It is an employee’s job to look after customers when they are shopping meaning they must be ready to answer questions and find items for customers. An employee also must be able to give good advice to their customers ‘As River Island representatives we are expected to ‘step up’ when necessary’. She also declared her role in making sure customers visit to the store is enjoyable and pleasant. Moreover she makes sure her approach to customers is polite and respectable she does this by greeting customers as they enter and leave the store, dealing with customer’s complaints professionally and making sure the customer is satisfied with the conclusion. As well as the above, a sales assistant has to make sure that all shelves are stocked up. Replenishing stock is one of a sales assistant’s most important jobs alongside being able to work at tills and balance the cash registers with receipts received. Qualities and Skills Qualities and Skills of a Manager: A manager must have many skills and qualities. An ideal manager for a retail store must be able to bring out the best in others as well as themselves. A manager should be able to discipline his/her staff, working as a role model towards their staff. A good manager should also be able to commit to a task or activity. On the River Island website I found out information on special skills a manager should have to conduct his/her job successfully. An ideal manager should have good communication skills as they have to communicate with their employees, good leadership skills, are focused, able to persuade his/her employees and organised, a manager should be able to divide large tasks and activities into manageable ones. A manager with good communication skills can help to build an organised and effective team of employees. It also helps to build and manage performance of their team members, having good communication skills can benefit the maintenance of relationships between employees. It is also crucial for a manager because it allows them to deal with customer complaints limiting any negative feedback about your business. A manager should be able to be persuasive and have good organisational, leadership skills. This allows employees to feel as if they can trust their manager; they feel as if they want to be led by them not have to be. This not only helps an employee grow fond of their job but also motivates them to give 100% effort. Helping to give the business an outstanding reputation and influences more customers to buy from their store. Qualities and Skills of a Supervisor: Sometimes the manager may not be available so this is when a supervisor steps in. A supervisor has to have similar skills to a manager but supervisors are more in contact with their fellow employees. A supervisor should have good flexibility and time management as well as basic communication skills. A supervisor should be able to motivate his/her employees to perform as well as they can to help the business succeed. Good flexibility can ensure that a supervisor is responsive to changes in the work place and is not blown off by any difficult situations. For example a customer complaint, a good supervisor especially for River Island should be able to stay calm under pressure and respond quickly to difficult circumstances. This also helps to keep the reputation of the business at its highest as customers are more likely to buy from somewhere that is knowledgeable in all situations. A supervisor should be able to manage their time, by doing this it keeps the employees confident that they are being led by someone who knows what they are doing, with this employees work harder increasing productivity, customer service and revenue. Qualities and Skills of an Employee: For a sales assistant especially at a clothing store they must be able to work as part of a team, enjoy working with the public as well as be confident when dealing with difficult situations for example difficult customers. Moreover an employee must have these key skills: †¢ Have a polite and helpful manner †¢ Have basic mathematical skills, for dealing with payments and stock checks and are comfortable with using computerised equipment such as tills. This enhances customer services where customers will tell their friends and family to visit the store due to their good services meaning more customers further more increasing the revenue for the store. †¢ be flexible, adaptable, reliable and trustworthy. These skills helps to prevent reduced employees loyalty due to this more employees refrain from their jobs. This means more money is spent on recruiting more staff, increasing a company cost which is not good for a business’s finances. Training and Development Opportunities According to the River Island website River Island invests in staff and encourages career development. River Island offer many different methods of training for example for sales advisors and store managers they perform a 3-4 week induction programme at a training store. They also provide skill development workshops relevant to the role you have in the river island job for example if you are a manager there are workshops to help you improve on your time management skills, organisation, delegation and other key skills a manager should have. Most River Island stores have regular progress reviews to monitor performance and development needs of individual employees. Even skilled managers have management training modules (relevant to their role) where they train managers off the job basic but in depth skill of being a manager. These training days help to enhance employee’s performance on the job. Benefiting River Island as a business because their employees are always well trained and know what they are doing. Customers would rather go to a store that is well known for employees who are helpful and organised rather than ones that lack these simple skills. ‘We want to help you make the most of your career with River Island and hope you enjoy working with us. ’ Methods of motivation The River Island company use methods of motivation to encourage their employees to do a better job than they otherwise would. Some of the ways River Island motivate their staff is by offering staff discounts of 30% off on items of clothing or accessories within the store for employees a further discount of 50% off if you are a manager. Also River Island offers a monthly salary to their staffs which ensures to pay staff no matter how much hours they work. On top of this River Island also allow their staff to work together in teams to complete certain tasks, this can make the job seem more enjoyable to the staff with a much more comfortable relaxing environment. This helps to retain staff because employees prefer a job were offers and discounts are issued especially with a popular clothing store like River Island rather than working in an environment that does not offer any type of fringe benefits .This relates to the Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory, as staff at River Island feels a sense of belonging working in groups and are meeting their everyday survival needs. Motivating your staff can help to keep a business successful. A River Island staff member said ‘The more motivated I am the harder I work to help the business reach its goals to earn more money’. Motivating your staff can help to increase output, improve quality of your business as well as save money for your business. If employees are keen to stay with the company then money is not loss on hiring and training of new staff. Based on Hertzberg two-factor theory of motivation, I believe River Island could offer more methods of motivation in a way to retain staff, for example empowerment. Empowering an employee makes them feel as if they are being noticed for the hard work they are putting in. This can make a staff member put in extra work and take pride in the extra work they are doing increasing output and quality of the business. . PEST Factors Organisations can face problems from external factors which can affect a business’s products, policies, people and profits. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. A PEST analysis is usually carried out by business planners this allows them to improve their strategies. Political Factors Political factors usually affect the ways in which changes in the government policy can influence businesses. River Island has to abide by the employment laws developed by the government. This may include the equal pay act of 1970 that women and men should receive equal pay for doing the same type of work or even the race relations act of 1976 which states that making discriminations against an employee on grounds of their race is illegal. Other factors may include the sex discrimination act, 1925 which protects employees against discrimination due to the gender for example if river island was promoting manager recruitment they cannot state the employee has to be of a specific gender. Though this does not apply in all situations if there was recruitment for a female attendant for the female changing rooms this would not apply. Similar to the race relations act of 1976 also states discrimination on grounds of race is illegal though there are GOQ’s genuine occupation qualifications that are legitimate in some cases. One of the most recent acts produced lately is the national minimum wage act, 1998. This ensures than employees are not exploited and are paid enough for them to survive. Minimum wage is increased every year in line with the rise in cost of living. Currently the adult rate for workers over 21 is  £6.19.River Island has key principles against these, and states that employment is freely chosen, living wages are paid, working hours are not excessive, discrimination is not practised and regular employment is provided. Economic Factors Economic factors are those that may limit the customer from buying optional luxuries. Economic factors include taxation, inflation, interest rates and economic growth. During a recession, consumers spend less on optional items such as cars and appliances. As a result, the business environment suffers. Alternatively, if the economic environment is one of affluence, consumers are more likely to spend money, not just on necessities, but larger items as well. Last year recession meant that some employee’s wages were cut down, not much employees were made redundant because of this but wages were slashed to pay for other company costs. In case of an unemployment decrease, turnover will rise and recruiting more employees will become harder though the opposite effect if unemployment increases. Another economic factor is Inflation usually affects someone’s buying power –rising prices means you pay more for the same goods. If there is a rise there is a high probability that there will be a fall in the amount of merchandise bought from River Island. These means business costs increase and sometimes have to stop producing lots of merchandise and focus on spending money on important cost leaving some workers unemployed. Social Factors Social trends are one of the key factors affecting a business; this can include the demographics, age distribution and lifestyle. Social trends are important as they focus on the society and at the end of the day, if the public are buying then the demand at River Island will increase, which means more production. The demands for some popular clothes are determined by fashion. Fashion trends are constantly changing every season meaning more customers are willing to buy from a popular up to date clothing store due to its good reputation. People are now more career focused than previous years, people seem to be more determined to achieve a good status in their dream job to make money and buy all their wants and needs. The most significant sign of this is working mothers- back in the 50’s women were forced to stay at home to cook and clean for their families. Now women have the opportunity to work especially to provide for their families. Though working mothers mainly work part time to cater to when they need to pick up their children from school, though it is now modern for women not to have children. They are much more career focused. More and more employees are trying to make as much money as possible, though River Island is not a store that pay their employees high wages, not much of a ‘career focusing job’. River Island, works enthusiastically with its suppliers and official agencies around the world to provide a standard health and safety regulation to its employees. The company always ensures that their suppliers sign a contract which commit to World Wide Ethical standards and those who violate them will be prosecuted. Technological Factors Technology has both a negative and positive effect on business recruitment. The positives are that technology like online selling and shopping can benefit an employee because it allows them to sell River Island clothing and accessories online to a wider variety of people on websites like EBay or Amazon. It also can provide more jobs in creating websites, maintaining and updating the website which a River Island representative could do. Though technology can be a disadvantage having a website means fewer employees to recruit as people can easily just buy products online. Employers also can now employ people who have good IT skills; this can help to keep River Island as a business up to date. Online selling/websites can affect the workforce of River Island, this because consumers find it easier and more effective for them to purchase items online. This affects employees of River Island; they may lose their job because River Island can now reduce cost, and spend it effectively. Employers can also use social networking sites as ways of keeping an eye on their employees, investigating on what they are really like. This is happening more often now, though these social networking sites can act as way of motivating staff by building a relationship with them outside the working environment.

Uk Lifestyle Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media Essay

Uk Lifestyle Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media Essay This thesis seeks to investigate the understanding of masculinity as a construction of identity. This study explores developing identities, and how this may relate to wider constructions of masculinity in the media, with particular reference to lifestyle magazines aimed at men. Methodologies This Study focuses on For Him Magazine known now as FHM, one of the leading mens magazines that is published in 27 countries. The methodology that will be used to carry out this study will be a content analysis. Through a content analysis, 6 issues of FHM in from the years 2005 through to 2010 will be examined, in order to examine if there has been any shifts in the portrayal of men or what is meant by the term masculinity. Bibliography from year two Benwell Bethan, (2003) Masculinity and mens lifestyle magazines: chapter 6; Published by Wiley-Blackwell) Bignell, Jonathan (1997), Media Semiotics, an introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press Edwards Tim, (2006) Cultures of Masculinity; men masculinity and feminism, chapter 1 (Routledge) Jackson Peter, Stevenson Nick, Brooks Kate (2001) making sense of mens magazines; chapter four (Wiley-Blackwell). Galician Mary-Lou, L. Merskin Debra (2007) Critical thinking about sex, love and romance in mass media: media; chapter three (Routledge) Gaunlett David, (2002) Media, gender, and identity: an introduction, Mens magazines and modern male identities; chapter eight (Routledge) Gunter Barrie (2002) Media sex: what are the issues? chapter 6 (Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) Itzin Catherine, Newman Janet (1995) Gender, culture and organizational change: putting theory into practice chapter fourteen (Routledge) Litosseliti Lia, Sunderland Jane (2002) Gender, Identity and discourse analysis. (John Benjamins Publishing Company) The Construction of the Male Identity in the UK Mens Lifestyle Magazine FHM (DRAFT) INTRODUCTION: THESIS OUTLINE This thesis seeks to explore how masculinity is represented and constructed within the pages of FHM (UK) magazine of the modern male identity. Through a content analysis of the branding of masculinity in the UKs leading mans magazine, the study explores the trends and the portrayal of men but also the types of products advertised in mens magazines. It will examine the rationale of FHM in constructing the portrayals of men and masculinity and the role that FHM plays in shaping attitudes about masculinity. The central research question is: Exactly what ideas does FHM generate or convey about masculinity? More specifically, in the magazines construction of masculinity, what is emphasised and what is ignored? Considering gender and sexuality to explore and address the stereotypical representations and attitudes that are likely to be reinforced to its readers. The first chapter of this thesis demonstrates a detailed depiction of the UKs FHM position and role in the mens lifestyle magazine market, from its inception from For Him Magazine through its incredible development to its contemporary brand expansions. It also discusses FHMs influence on the mens magazine market as well as on broader industry concerns related to the young male market, particularly advertising. Essentially, this chapter offers a rationale for why FHM is an important site for investigation. Chapter 1 The mens magazine market is a moderately new phenomenon. Mens magazines today have become sites of significant inquiry that offer alternative views on the representation of the modern man. Men have purchased and read magazines in the past, though previously, the term mens magazine referred to publications structured around masculine themes to designed to interest men, such as cars, fishing, DIY and pornography. However, as sociologist Tim Edwards (1997) notes, It is, to put it simply, that they werent called mens magazines and this is what constitutes the key difference: the self-conscious targeting of men as consumers of magazines designed to interest men if not necessarily to be about men (p.72, emphasis in the original). Since contemporary mens magazines are embedded in the rise of a new lifestyle genre, they are considered mens lifestyle titles as opposed to simply mens interest magazines (Edwards, 2006).1 The growth of the mens magazine market in the UK, which saw an invasion of lifestyle titles in the 1980s, commencing with the launch of Arena in 1986. The Focus The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the different representations of masculinity in the modern day 21st century. The endeavour of this is to answer the research question, which is; has the definition of masculinity and or the portrayal of men changed over time, in particular in print advertisements in mens lifestyle magazine FHM (For Him Magazine). Although this may sound like a popular research case study, very little academic research has been performed in the field of mens magazines and even less on the construction and representation of masculinity. This study therefore aims to firstly, classify the term masculinity, to conclude a definition, of what is means to be a men?, which is often used to ascribed to males in todays society. This study will also explore sex roles and common stereotypes that men are regularly being labelled with. This study will further examine if the characteristic that what once associated with traditional masculinity is dying out, or if t here is more than one masculine identity. Thirdly, this study will examine the presentation of male images and products in advertising exploring the emerging trends of mens images where the predominately female female-orientated markets of body enhancements, cosmetics, and personal grooming products are being aimed at male consumers. Through a context analysis, this study addresses male images in advertisements in For Him Magazine (FHM) from 2005 to 2010. Examining the changing trends in the portrayal of men and the types of products advertised in mens magazines. Furthermore, this study will argue, that masculinity makes more sense in relation to individual performances of identity than it does in terms of any measurement of gender or sexuality, a notion which is often disregarded in both popular and academic discourses about gender identity. Chapter 1: Introduction Over the last few decades the role of men in British society has changed considerably. Traditional notions of masculine images, such as males being the sole breadwinner or provider has come under attack, undermining traditional images of the masculine identity. Males have also faced a changing Image in advertising. Traditionally, females were the ones that have been associated with sex in advertising, but today males are also being used to connote or imply sexual situations in advertisements. Modern day advertisements feature provocative images of men and women in reveal outfits and postures selling a variety of products, most of which have no association with sex. There has too been an increase in product advertisements in mens magazine, most popular out of these is beauty and accessions. Suggesting that men today, have developed a conscious self-awareness of the way they look. Men in are taking great pride in their appearance, replacing beer or health supplements and abs tonners. M en now have a keen eye for fashion, and indulge in grooming/beauty products- this identity has today been coined as metrosexual. Adapting the characteristics of men, this new man has blurred the distinction of masculinity. Traditional masculinity referred to heterosexual men, interesting in extreme sports, cars and DIY. This request the question is the term masculinity (means to be macho) changing? Or is there more then one masculine identity? Metrosexuality was first developed by Mark Simpson in his book Male Impersonators. According to Simpson (2003), metrosexuality is a new, narcissistic, self-conscious kind of masculinity produced by film, advertising, and glossy magazines to replace traditional repressed, unmoisturised, unreflexive, unmediated masculinity.  [1]  However, this term has become widely used in the United States media and in the advertising industry in the late 1990s, referring to straight men who posses feminine traits and care about fashion, grooming, cleaning and using beauty products (Mereditch and Wells; 2003).  [2]  However, very little academic research exists on the meaning of metrosexuality for masculinity. This study examines modern masculinity and metrosexuality of men in the 21st century mens lifestyle magazines, within the UK, drawing particular attention FHM. However, there are limited studies on masculinity and mens images (Windholz, 1999/2000; gates 2001; Tincknell and Chambers, 2002)  [3]  . Although media across the globe are widely discussing the newly emerged phenomenon- metrosexuality- there is almost no academic research on this phenomenon. Since metrosexuality and masculinity are so closely related to each other, this study aims to explore both issues within mens lifestyle magazines. Chapter 2: Definitions of Masculinity Whilst, we have identified the main attributes that can be grouped under the term traditional masculinity, we still do not have an recognized definition of what masculinity itself might be. Craig contests that masculinity is what a culture expects of its men (1992:3). This description suggests that masculinity exists only in a cultural context, as something that stems from traditions, codes and in particular expectations commonly held by society. Similarly, Mosses definition of masculinity as the way men assert what they believe to be their manhood (1996:3)  [4]  insinuates that masculinity is widely understood as a way of behaving in accordance with ones sex-defined characteristics, either as a manifestation of ones sexual identity, or by the way of a responsibility towards the general order provided by understanding of gender. Gilmore (1990; 1)  [5]  defines manhood as the approved way of being an adult as the approved way of being an adult male in any given society. Within the cultures, where value is attracted to a notion of manhood, Gilmore further claims that there is three particular criterias that are repeatedly associated with the masculine role, firstly, to impregnate women and secondly, to protect dependents from danger (1990; 223). Berger, Wallis and Watson (1995) states that masculinity, the asymmetrical pendant to more critically investigated femininity, is a vexed term, variously inflected, multiply defined, not limited to straightforward descriptions of maleness.  [6]  Masculinity takes a variety of forms for men and it differs according to sexuality, race, class and age. It is noticed the society and media hold very distinct stereotypes towards different ethnic and race groups. For Caucasians, the most common dominate ideology of masculinity represents ideals of strength, toughness, coolness, attractiveness, heterosexuality and whiteness (OShaughnessy 2003).  [7]  However, these ideals are very difficult for men to attain in reality. With the increased attention given to mens bodies and the resurgence of their imagery with the media, men nowadays pay more attention to the media and work to improve their physical appearance (Wienke, 1998; Shilling, 1993).  [8]  These effects are further pushed f orward with the new ideal metrosexual, which simply suggests that men who possess feminine traits are ideal. As men are now facing so many identities, so what makes a man? A closer investigation is presented next. Chapter 3: Gender and Masculinity In general, the characteristics associated with men are grouped under the term traditional masculinity by many writers.  [9]  Three of its main character traits are strength, command and ambition- all useful in getting ahead, and more often than not viewed in a positive light. Even the less positive attributes associated with traditional masculinity such as competitiveness, aggression and stubbornness maintain an air of respectability in that they remain symptomatic of power and control rather than weakness. Theorists in the field of gender studies have sought to understand how these masculine traits came to be associated with the male role first and foremost, and why they continue to permeate society and popular discourse as common sense notions of gender roles. Consequently, gender as a concept is open to much greater debate than sex, and it is clear that masculinity, as one aspect of gender identity, can take on an entire range of potential meanings. Mort observes that we are not dealing with masculinity, but with a series of masculinities (1988; 195; his emphasis).  [10]  As well as recognizing that class, race and sexual orientation, and several other factors all enter the equation at the level of identity, the term masculinities refers to the fact that no two peoples performance of so-called masculine characteristics will ever be exactly the same. As Horrocks states, there is clearly not a homogenous monolithic identity possessed by all men in all contexts (1994:3).  [11]   Byne suggests that, as human beings, we are motivated to create an identity for ourselves that allows us to make sense of our position in the apparent world. In order to be understandable, this must accord with the already existing conventions, as we perceive them; no matter how we seek to position ourselves in relation to these, we still accept that they exist. Conversely, men must strive to meet an extremely demanding stereotype of the male role as provider, achiever and conqueror- a task that is, in its self unattainable, and which causes men much self-doubt and anguish. This, Kaufman conclude, also inspires fear for it means not being a man, which means, in a society confusing gender and sex, not being a maleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦losing power and ungluing basic building blocks of our personalities (p.149)  [12]  Together, these two behaviours are more destructive than either on its own, combining to both cause the problem and make it impossible to escape from. Chapter 4: Masculinity in the United Kingdom British Men According to Benynon (2002), there are three ideal versions of contemporary masculinities in the United Kingdom. The old man is relatively uninterested in fashion, is married and holding down a regular job, and remains somewhat sexist and homophobic in outlook. The new man is narcissistic, progressive and ambivalent in his sexuality, yuppie- influenced and generally anti-sexist. When he first emerged he was viewed variously as the same as the same old wolf, but in designer clothing, a revolutionary in his relations with women and his willingness to display the emotional side of his nature, and a marketing opportunity, for new visual codes. The new lad is defensive about fashion, ambivalent in his attitude towards women (he has pornographic notions of them rather than relationship with them) and he believes life should be one huge alcoholic and drug induced festival. (Beynon, 2002, p.118)  [13]   Among the above three ideals, the new man seems to be the most popular ideal in the United Kingdom. These ideals can be illustrated by the most influential British celebrity football player, David Beckham. David Beckham defines a new trend of men in the United Kingdom. In a recent study reported in The Observer (Campbell 2003), One David Beckham: Celebrity, and the Soccerati, co-authored by Andrew Parker of Warwick University and Ellis Cashmore of Staffordshire University, highlights how Beckham successfully combines a mixture of traditional and modern values to create an inspirational healthy role model. The study praises Beckhams different public personae including the national ambassador, aggressive competitor, loving husband, doting father, fashion model and gay icon. This study further concludes that Beckhams massive popularity could influence young males, encourage greater tolerance and acceptance of a new concept of masculinity. As suggested by the author of the study, Beckham has helped create a complex new concept of masculinity by defying expectations in areas such as what clothes men should wear or how men should style their hair. Indeed, Beckham fits all of the contemporary masculinity ideals he is a combination of new man (nurturer and compassionate partner), new lad (football legend, fashionable father, conspicuous consumer) and old man'(loyal dedicated, bread- winning) (Cambell, 2003).  [14]   Chapter 5: Gender Representation in Advertising Research has revealed that advertising does not exist in a vacuum but instead is very much interrelated with the existing social relationships within society (Duffy, 1994).  [15]   Goldman (1992)  [16]  suggested that we tend to take for granted the deep social assumptions embedded within advertisements as we are so used to the quantity of advertisements around us and the routine ways in which we read them. More importantly, we do not see or recognise advertising as a sphere of ideology. In a consumer society, advertising acts as a magnet, luring individuals into embracing a consumption culture that is part of an economic and social institution that helps to perpetuate what Goldman called the supremacy of commodity relations. Interactions between individuals are now greatly being defined by the material possession of commodities. The consumer society is primarily about contentment and pleasure, but there are broad complications beyond the realm of Contentment and pleasure. One of the most important implications is the area of gender identity. Sex-role stereotype, like any other stereotype, allows us to make sense of the world that we live in. Gender, of course, is one of the most important forms of systematised behaviour in all societies, and every culture has accepted routine forms for communicating gender identity (Leiss, Kline Jhally, 1990, p. 215)  [17]  . Our everyday environment is articulated mostly by what we see in the media and the task of advertising is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the gender images is a basic requirement for an advertisements effectiveness, and the meanings encoded in the images are persuasive cultural symbols for societal behaviour. The earliest research into the portrayal of men in sex roles in advertisements was carried out in the 1970s by many re searchers and drew many conclusions: men were portrayed as more self-governing than women. They were portrayed in different occupations in comparison to women who were usually shown as housewives, cleaning, cooking and caring for children. Specific products such as Alcohol and cigarettes were most frequently portrayed by men, while women were mostly depicted in advertisements for household products (Dominick Rauch, 1972; Schneider Schneider, 1979; McArthur Resko, 1975; Courtney Whipple, 1974). According to Fejes (1992), the results from these researchers carried out in the early 1970s, did not fluctuate much from those conducted in the late 70s and early 80s.  [18]   In the last few decades, the role of men in the UK has changed considerably there has been an increasing visibility of the male body in the media and popular culture. Men are getting increased exposure not just of their bodies, but of their lifestyles, consumption preferences and emotional needs. Men are gradually gaining on women in the display of their bodies on billboards, fashion photography and magazines. Moreover, it is not just the number of images of men that has increased; it is the emergence of a new representation in popular culture where male bodies are depicted in an idealized and erotized manner (Moore 1988; Simpson, 1994).  [19]  Furthermore, in the consumer markets around the world-the predominantly female-oriented market like cosmetics, personal grooming and even body enhancements are attracting seeing more male consumers. Through a content analysis of advertisements over six years in a magazine for men, this paper studies the trends in the representation of imag es, products and sexual portrayal of men. Chapter 6: Men in Advertising Fejes (1992) noted that Skelly Lundstrom (1981)  [20]  conducted a study on print advertisements analysing a total of 660 magazine ads from 1959, 1969 and 1979 to establish whether there was any change in the portrayal of men in print advertisements over the two decades. They found that there was a small and gradual movement towards more non-sexist portrayal of men. Fejes (1992) also noted that Lysonskis study (1985)  [21]  showed similar results. Kervin (1990) too carried out a research study on the ads, focussing particularly on Esquire magazine. He examined whether the representation of men and the definition of masculinity had changed or remained over time. The study closely examined at ads from Esquire magazine for 50 years from the 1930s to the 1980s, and discovered that specific stereotypical representations of masculinity still remained after 50 years. What is fascinating, though, is her suggestion that these stereotypes exist because they complete certain needs and concerns of the men in society relating to their sense of powerlessness as individuals. She suggested that these stereotypes may be there to offer some form of compensation, in the form of admiration from others and possession of products for the men to define themselves adequately in society. She also discovered other new constructions of masculinity emerging over the years. The form of the male body is beginning to be portrayed as an erotic spectacle, suggesting that advertisers are adjusting to the changing attitude of consumers and exploiting it. Marian Salzman, Director of Strategic Content, JWT Worldwide, in her new book, The Future of Men (2003), interestingly, notices an important gap of the young male demographic that marketers and advertisers often fail to notice. Salzman, who conversed about the rise of the metrosexuals in 2003, deems the days of the metrosexual are numbered as men want their manliness back, and they are tired of taking their behavioural and fashion cues from their female companions and from mens magazines.  [22]  But this may not be true, as Kelton Research discovered in his research which was performed on 600 men, found that men can now be classified into men who value their personal style and appearance without sacrificing their masculinity, and ubersexual men who care about their appearance from head to toe. Moreover, men may try to act laid-back when it comes to personal maintenance, but the reality is, nearly two out of three surveyed not only own a variety of grooming products, but use them again and again. More importantly, about 98% of these products- men have no qualms about strolling into a store to buy a grooming related product (Wellikoff, 2006)  [23]  . Chapter 7: The Macho The Metrosexual Lee (2003) noted that men of all sexualities are taking a wider interest in their appearance. Hairdresser is where they go for a haircut instead of the barber shop and they are turning to other form of cleanser as soap is too harsh on their skin. More men are going to the gym instead of engaging in outdoor activities such as sports and some of them are even indecisive when it comes to choosing something to wear. These men are called the metrosexual and David Beckham who has been credited as the man who is changing male behaviour is classified as the ultimate metrosexual. A few years ago, concern over weight and diet regimes was strictly womens issue and having a pot belly was accepted for a man. But now, it is completely acceptable for men to watch their weight too and follow diet plans. This new breed of man blurs gender lines. In the Future Man'(Salzman, 2003) concludes that British men are becoming metrosexuals who have embraced customs and attitudes once deemed by women. Salzman further connotes that men today are confident in their masculinity and in their sense of self. In addition, they look and feel good and are knowledgeable about fashion and accessories regardless of what people might consider these things unmanly.  [24]  This new breed of man does oppose the traditional male role. ABC news reported that Leo Burnett, a Chicago advertising firm, conducted a global study of masculinity in 2005 and half of the men in their sample say that their role in society is unclear than in previous decades. More than seventy percent of them said that advertising is out of touch with mens reality.  [25]  Reports seem to indicate there is a new form of manliness emerging that is both macho and sexual at the same time. Stephen Perrine, editor in chief of Best Life magazine in the United States, mentioned on ABC news, The new manliness is about being competent and of value. Its less of men looking into their own navels. He also listed actors like Huge Jackman and Brad Pitt as the role models for this new manliness (ABC news, 2006).  [26]   Research Questions Advertising is an incorporated part of any economy in the world. And where there is rapid growth and changes in the economic profile of a society, there is a parallel increase in consumption patterns. This study aims to examine the portrayal of men in advertising as the emerging trends indicate that the predominantly female-oriented markets like cosmetics, body enhancements and personal grooming, are being directed at more male consumers. By studying the changes taking place in the portrayal of gender roles in advertising, it would allow us to get an insight into the changes that are taking place in society at given times and trends over periods of time. RQ1: What are the changes in the images (as per the categories) of men in FHM Magazine from 1998 to 2005? RQ2: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models in FHM magazines used for the various categories of pictures? RQ3: What are the differences in the race of male models in FHM magazines in the categories of photographs/illustrations? RQ4: What are the differences in the types of products advertised in FHM magazines from 2000 to 2010? RQ5: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models for the various categories of products? RQ6: Has the portrayal of men in Print advertisements changed in any way over the last six years? Methodology For the purpose of this study a content analysis was chosen and deemed appropriate as it will provide an overview on the coverage and frequency of use of male models in the advertisements selected. This quantitative research method is also useful for evaluating empirically the changing trends in society, while allowing us to summarize results and report findings in accurate, quantitative manner. The unit of analysis enables replication of the study over periods of time, thus providing an opportunity for comparison and review. Sampling Selection and Sample Size Six years (72 issues) of FHM magazine, from the United Kingdom were selected for this study. These magazines were published over a six year period from 2005 through to 2010. Through a systematic random sampling method of these 72 issues, one was selected from each year making it a total of 6 issues in the sample size. The unit of analysis is all full and half page advertisements or posters that have male or female models. Those advertisements without any models were excluded from the categorization. Categorization System The advertisements and posters from each year were systematically coded by placing them in pre-defined categories. Category of dressing Description Demure dress Everyday, casual clothing, including walking shorts and sports outfits. Suggestive dress Excluding evening gowns, which expose cleavage. Mini skirts, short shorts, muscle shirts, hiked skirts that expose thighs Partially clad Models in bathing suits, wearing undergarments and three-quarter length or shorter lingerie. close- up shots of models bare shoulders. Models in nothing except a towel. Nudity Unclothed Models, including; translucent lingerie/ undergarments and silhouettes. Extent of Contact Description No contact Positioned side by side. Not touching. Tame contact